IntroductionRegular exercise has long been shown to positively impact the immune system responsiveness and improve mental well-being. However, the putative links between biomarkers of mental health and immune efficiency in exercising subjects have been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a 14-week combined chair-based exercise program on salivary steroid hormones and anti-microbial proteins, functional fitness, and MWB indexes in pre-frail older women.MethodsThe participant women were randomly divided into the exercising group and the non-exercising (...) control group. The pre/post assessment included: salivary anti-microbial proteins lysozyme; and immunoglobulin-A ; salivary steroid hormones of testosterone and cortisol ; functional fitness ; MWB questionnaires.ResultsSignificant differences with large Cohen’s effect sizes were found on increased salivary TT after exercise intervention. The results revealed a decrease in IgA levels after CEP. The increase in subjective happiness levels and decrease of stress perception and depressive state were found after intervention in the CEP group. Robust statistical differences in gait speed and balance tests were also found in the CEP group. In control, COR increased moderately while no changes were found for the other indicators. Correlation analyses showed inter-dependence between pre–post variations of MWB, biochemical indexes, and fitness function.ConclusionThe CEP program was able to improve functional-fitness performance, decrease feelings of stress, and increase happiness. The CEP also induced clinically relevant hormonal and immune responses, which suggests that chair exercises that combine muscular strength, balance, and gait speed training are promising interventions to improve physical and mental health of older pre-frail adults. (shrink)

A utilização da água sempre foi vital para a sobrevivência humana, mas com suas ações surgiram os impactos aos ecossistemas comprometendo a qualidade. O ecossistema aquático tem sido prejudicado por isso, principalmente, pelo descarte inadequado de efluentes não tratados. Este trabalho visou avaliar a eficiência de ilhas flutuantes com plantas, a fim de observar a melhoria da qualidade hídrica de ecossistemas aquáticos. Para isso foi analisado o comportamento das macrófitas nas ilhas flutuantes, por meio de experimento controlado. A ilha se (...) mostrou eficiente e resistente e pode ser utilizada para a remoção de macronutrientes. A eficiência na remoção foi cerca de 25% de fosfato e fósforo total, em um período de análise de 60 dias. Isso indica que com um período maior de análises, o resultado de remoção poderá ser maior, bem como a densidade de biomassa para o povoamento da ilha e a sua aplicação em corpos hídricos comprometidos. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar dois distintos projetos formativos: a paideia grega e a Bildung do esclarecimento alemão representada por Kant e Hegel, bem como o desenvolvimento desta última em Halbbildung no século XX. Para compreender os sentidos e contornos históricos em que essas formulações estavam postas, tornou-se necessário inseri-las no contexto mais geral das formações sociais em que elas estavam inseridas, revelando suas contradições.

To date, the primary focus of research in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been on the strategic implications of CSR for corporations and less on an evaluation of CSR from a wider political, economic and social perspective. In this paper, we aim to address this gap by critically engaging with marketing campaigns of so-called ‘ethical’ bottled water. We especially focus on a major CSR strategy of a range of different companies that promise to provide drinking water for (...) (what they name as) ‘poor African people’ by way of Western consumers purchasing bottled water. Following Fairclough's approach, we unfold a three-step critical discourse analysis of the marketing campaigns of 10 such ‘ethical’ brands. Our results show that bottled water companies try to influence consumers' tastes through the management of the cultural meaning of bottled water, producing a more ‘ethical’ and ‘socially responsible’ perception of their products/brands. Theoretically, we base our analysis on McCracken's model of the cultural meaning of consumer goods, which, we argue, offers a critical perspective of the recent emergence of CSR and business ethics initiatives. We discuss how these marketing campaigns can be framed as historical struggles associated with neo-liberal ideology and hegemony. Our analysis demonstrates how such CSR strategies are part of a general process of the reproduction of capitalist modes of accumulation and legitimation through the usage of cultural categories. (shrink)

The Ethical Dimension of Science According to Mariano Artigas: Many authors have written, from different approaches, about the relationships between ethics and science. In this work, we analyze how Mariano Artigas did it. He gives great importance to ethics, which he considers a philosophical presupposition of scientific activity. A detailed analysis of his work allows to understand to what extent ethics is important for science. Specifically, we consider the relationships of ethics with humans and with science; the interweaving and the (...) distinction between both of them; the importance of ethics as a hermeneutical key in Popper; and the emergence of ethics before, during, and after scientific activity. (shrink)

Kant clearly endorses some version of the ‘old formula of the schools’, according to which all volition is sub ratione boni. There has been a debate whether he holds this only for morally good actions. I argue that a closer look at the distinction between the good and the agreeable does not support this conclusion. Considering Kant’s account of the detrimental and the correct use of this thesis, I argue that rational beings always will sub ratione boni, even when they (...) act immorally, because they act on principles. I argue that Kant’s accounts of self-love and self-conceit support this view. (shrink)

To date, the primary focus of research in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been on the strategic implications of CSR for corporations and less on an evaluation of CSR from a wider political, economic and social perspective. In this paper, we aim to address this gap by critically engaging with marketing campaigns of so‐called ‘ethical’ bottled water. We especially focus on a major CSR strategy of a range of different companies that promise to provide drinking water for (...) (what they name as) ‘poor African people’ by way of Western consumers purchasing bottled water. Following Fairclough's approach, we unfold a three‐step critical discourse analysis of the marketing campaigns of 10 such ‘ethical’ brands. Our results show that bottled water companies try to influence consumers' tastes through the management of the cultural meaning of bottled water, producing a more ‘ethical’ and ‘socially responsible’ perception of their products/brands. Theoretically, we base our analysis on McCracken's model of the cultural meaning of consumer goods, which, we argue, offers a critical perspective of the recent emergence of CSR and business ethics initiatives. We discuss how these marketing campaigns can be framed as historical struggles associated with neo‐liberal ideology and hegemony. Our analysis demonstrates how such CSR strategies are part of a general process of the reproduction of capitalist modes of accumulation and legitimation through the usage of cultural categories. (shrink)

Uma característica distintiva das sociedades da modernidade tardia é a extensão significativa a qual estas são dependentes do conhecimento para seu funcionamento. Contrário a como o conhecimento era visto nas sociedades pré-modernas, o conhecimento agora tende a ser entendido como informação, isto é, consistindo em representações objetificadas, mercantilizadas, abstratas e descontextualizadas. A superabundância de informação na modernidade tardia torna a sociedade da informação cheia de tentações. Isso nos leva a pensar que o conhecimento como informação é objetivo e existe independentemente (...) dos seres humanos; que tudo pode ser reduzido à informação; e que a geração de quantidades cada vez maiores de informações aumentará a transparência da sociedade e, portanto, levará ao gerenciamento racional de problemas sociais. No entanto, como discutido neste artigo, a sociedade da informação está repleta de paradoxos que a impedem de satisfazer as tentações que cria. Mais informações podem levar a menos compreensão; mais informações podem enfraquecer a confiança; e mais informações podem tornar a sociedade menos racionalmente governável. Essas reivindicações são ilustradas com exemplos do Reino Unido e dos Estados Unidos. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o conceito de propriedade na teoria de Arthur Schopenhauer, contida principalmente na obra Parerga und Paralipomena e a teoria de John Locke, expressa no Segundo tratado sobre o governo civil e estabelecer relações entre os conceitos, de modo a demonstrar as semelhanças enquanto direito natural e suas diferenças enquanto direito positivado na teoria dos dois filósofos.

The advance in Internet of Things technology has increased the opportunities for a healthcare system design, which is an urgent need owing to the growth in population among the older adults in many countries. This requires giving thought to the kind of innovative technological design methods that can find suitable solutions for home care. The application of Health Smart Homes by means of the technologies of the Internet of Things, can be used to support rehabilitation treatment and help the senior (...) citizens to understand the importance of taking measures to maintain a healthy standard of living that can meet their needs. The aim of this article is to develop and assess a design method for the following purposes: to determine and map out the physical and emotional state of the home care users, such as senior citizens; to implement a participatory design that includes the user within its social, psychological and therapeutic context; to explore the flexible method when applied to older users; to provide a way for the users to be “personalized” through a wide range of solutions that involve analyzing the behavioral patterns of different individuals in a standardized manner and to define a set of smart technologies for each problem and senior citizen. This article sets out a collaborative method called FlexPersonas, which is employed for the flexible mapping of users and to improve decision-making with the support of Internet of Things technologies. In this context, computing systems can identify the behavior of the user and issue warnings to the Carers about any abnormal event. Studies with an interdisciplinary team point out the potential and drawbacks of the method. (shrink)

Este artigo traz uma reflexão sobre a influência que a Biologia evolutiva exerceu sobre Sigmund Freud no tocante à teoria das pulsões e à noção de patologia que a acompanha. Também, notadamente quanto às suas tendências regressivas, conforme apresentado em Além do princípio do prazer, publicação pródiga de referenciais evolucionários, especialmente da compreensão filogenética da espécie humana, ou seja, da teoria da recapitulação de Ernst Haeckel, articulada aos fenômenos clínicos e culturais. Amparados em Georges Canguilhem, observamos que a mesma Biologia (...) cumpre função normativa na qualificação das manifestações humanas. Assim, mostraremos que o recurso a ela serviu de apoio para Freud estabelecer uma concepção psicanalítica de sujeito igualmente normativa, a saber, dotado de um psiquismo regressivo e patológico em sua natureza, cuja tendência biológica o faz repetir comportamentos do passado. Se trata de uma opção teórica em detrimento da ruptura e da variação como norteadora de sua história, assim como da história da espécie humana. (shrink)

Resumo: neste artigo, apresenta-se um prelúdio de ideias e vivências acerca da importância do ensino de Filosofia, apontando também para um caminho, onde, a partir de experiências e estudos, acredita-se que esse ensino possa ser melhor conduzido. Assim, como escopo, busca-se desenvolver breves considerações em torno da premissa de que o ensino de filosofia, este sendo aplicado em um novo paradigma educacional, pode ser uma via profícua para o processo de emancipação, esclarecimento (aufklarung) e autonomia do indivíduo. Nessa medida, o (...) artigo terá como referência o ensaio “O que é esclarecimento” de Immanuel Kant, a obra “Educação e emancipação” de Theodor Adorno, e do artigo “O ensino de filosofia e a questão da emancipação” do comentador Walter Omar Kohan, entre outros textos de apoio. Por fim, buscaremos fazer uma correlação entre o ensino de Filosofia, seu potencial crítico-emancipador e o modelo de educação a distância, procurando destacar as possibilidades a serem abordadas dentro desse novo paradigma pedagógico, que, como mostraremos, apresenta inúmeras potencialidades a serem utilizadas no demandado processo de transformação da educação explorado no texto. Palavras-chave: Educação; Ensino de Filosofia; Autonomia; Princípios da Educação Online; Emancipação. Teaching philosophy: a path to emancipation, criticity and autonomy of the student Abstract: in this article, a prelude to ideas and experiences about the importance of Philosophy Teaching is presented, also pointing to a path where, based on experiences and studies, it is believed that this teaching can be better conducted. Thus, as a scope, we seek to develop brief considerations around the premise that the teaching of philosophy, being applied in a new educational paradigm, can be a fruitful way for the process of emancipation, enlightenment (aufklarung) and autonomy of the individual. To that extent, the article will have as reference the use of Kant’s essay “which is enlightenment”, of Adorno’s work “Education and emancipation”, by the commentator Walter Omar Kohan, in his article “The teaching of philosophy and the question of emancipation”, among other supporting texts. Finally, we will try to make a correlation between Philosophy teaching, its critical-emancipating potential and the distance education model, trying to highlight the possibilities to be addressed within this new pedagogical paradigm, which, as we will show, presents countless potentialities to be used in the demanded process of transformation of education explored in the text. Keywords: Education; Teaching Philosophy; Autonomy; Principles of Online Education; Emancipation. La enseñanza de la filosofía: un camino hacia la emancipación, crítica y la autonomía del estudiante Resumen: en este artículo se presenta un preludio de ideas y experiencias sobre la importancia de la Enseñanza de la Filosofía, señalando también un camino donde, a partir de experiencias y estudios, se cree que esta enseñanza puede ser mejor conducida. Así, como alcance, buscamos desarrollar breves consideraciones en torno a la premisa de que la enseñanza de la filosofía, siendo aplicada en un nuevo paradigma educativo, puede ser un camino fecundo para el proceso de emancipación, esclarecimiento (Aufklarung) y autonomía del individuo. En esa medida, el artículo tendrá como referencia el uso del ensayo de Kant “que es la ilustración”, de la obra de Adorno “Educación y emancipación”, del comentarista Walter Omar Kohan, en su artículo “La enseñanza de la filosofía y la cuestión de la emancipación”. ”, entre otros textos de apoyo. Finalmente, buscaremos hacer una correlación entre la enseñanza de la filosofía, su potencial crítico-emancipador y el modelo de educación a distancia, buscando destacar las posibilidades a ser abordadas dentro de este nuevo paradigma pedagógico, que, como mostraremos, presenta innumerables potencialidades a ser utilizadas en el demandado proceso de transformación de la educación explorado en el texto. Palabras clave: Educación; Enseñanza de la Filosofía; Autonomía; Principios de Educación en Línea; Emancipación. Data de registro: 23/08/2022 Data de aceite: 13/12/2022. (shrink)

A partir da leitura da cena final do filme Teorema,de Pier Paolo Pasolini, o presente ensaio propõe uma análise a respeito da linguagem humana, bem como das implicações políticas advindas de tais análises. Aborda a maneira como o limite da linguagem é encarado nas reflexões que sobre isso fazem tanto Pasolini quanto Maurice Blanchot. RetomandoValéry – o poema como “l’hesitationprolongee entre lesens et leson” –, demonstra como o par significante/significado pode ser lido como a questão mística da linguagem, isto é, (...) como algo que lida com o misterio. Para tanto, recorre às compreensões dantescas sobre a origem da linguagem significante, às proposições benjaminianas sobre a linguagem e às leituras contemporâneas de Giorgio Agamben e Jean-Luc Nancy. As análises expõem o modo como tal problema místico da linguagem pode e deve ser conectado ao problema político. Isto é, à compreensão da política está implicada a necessidade de redimensionamento da máxima aristotélica do zōonlogonekhon. O ensaio expõe o modo como o homem resolve sua vida na linguagem, de modo que às pressupostas certezas políticas são precisas novas questões sobre a própria dimensão do humano. A leitura de Teorema, portanto, serve como mote para pensar uma dimensão em que a ontologia se resolva em ética e que, assim, aporte não numa busca pelo Sentido político, mas num pensamento político atravessado por uma reinvenção desentidos. (shrink)

O livro III da _Ética _de Espinosa se dedica a definição dos afetos. Dentro dessa definição o outro desempenha um papel importantíssimo, mesmo se, inicialmente, ele parece estar ausente. Espinosa começará sua definição falando de afetos direcionados a coisas e não necessariamente a outros sujeitos afetivos. Todavia, isso não significa que o outro não seja importante para a teoria de Espinosa, pelo contrário, a partir da proposição 21 desse livro ele faz sua aparição, trazendo novos elementos à teoria dos afetos (...) e, principalmente, apontando para uma via de mão dupla, mostrando-nos que, se por um lado, as relações interpessoais podem ser de amor, por outro, o ódio estará presente, ou seja, essa relação pode se revelar tanto harmoniosa quanto conflitante. É justamente esse o caminho que gostaríamos de iluminar neste artigo, explicitando assim como a entrada do outro na teoria dos afetos de Espinosa lhe confere novas nuances, novos caminhos, novas possibilidades. (shrink)

This article introduces a comprehensive definition of life projects. It begins with a broad conception of a project as a process comprising the formation, enactment, and maintenance of intentional structures and actions. This definition represents the integration of two theoretical traditions that considered a project either as a process prior to action or a set of actions aimed at the same goals. Next, we differentiate life projects from other types of projects. Then based on a broad conceptual framework, we define (...) a life project as an ongoing, evolving process to form, enact, and maintain intentional structures and actions that, altogether, comprise a long-term, meaningful, and prospective narrative capable of guiding decisions and behavior in daily life. This comprehensive definition integrates six different dimensions of life projects reported across 93 journal articles analyzed in a previous scoping review. We end by contrasting our definition to related concepts and discussing practical implications in career counseling. (shrink)

an examination of both the causal theory of action and the agent causalist theory, and a proposal for a third alternative.

A dinâmica do artigo se pauta em um exercício teórico e em uma atividade prática para sala de aula derivada da teoria desenvolvida. A principal questão teórica é desenvolvida com um foco na construção de um entendimento do caráter epistemológico do cinedocumentário. Dentro dessa discussão epistemológica estão presentes vários aspectos que são expostos no texto: a questão do olhar, da imagem, parresía e, por fim, da pós-verdade e as dinâmicas da Internet. Após esse movimento teórico é proposta uma atividade que (...) trabalha junto aos alunos a questão do meme, sua funcionalidade estética de imagem e sua potencialidade enquanto discurso, relacionando a teoria com uma prática condizente e concreta da vida usual dos estudantes. Palavras-chave: Cinedocumentário. Pós-Verdade. Teoria do Conhecimento. Meme. (shrink)

Ruben Berrios Queen’s University Belfast Anti-realism and Aesthetic Cognition Abstract At the core of the debate between scientific realism and anti-realism is the question of the relation between scientific theory and the world. The realist possesses a mimetic conception of the relation between theory and reality. For the realist, scientific theories represent reality. The anti-realist, in contrast, seeks to understand the relations between theory and world in non-mimetic terms. We will examine Cartwright’s simulacrum account of explanation in order to illuminate (...) the anti-realist position. Science consists of phenomenological and theoretical laws. The former are concerned with appearances, or those phenomena that can be directly observed; the latter involve the unobservable reality that is alleged to underlie appearances, and are capable only of indirect confirmation. Phenomenological laws are said to be descriptive, whilst theoretical laws are understood as explanatory. Cartwright is concerned with the theoretical. She claims that the standard realist account of the explanatory efficacy of theoretical laws is faulty. The explanatory power of theoretical laws consists in their ability to provide an explanation of physical phenomena. According to Cartwright, the realist claims that laws explain phenomena by providing an abstract description of them, in terms of their micro-structural features, that is alleged to be true. On this view, explanatory power is entirely dependent on descriptive adequacy. As phenomenological laws describe appearances, so theoretical laws describe the fundamental reality that governs appearances. Cartwright rejects the preceding view and in its place proposes a simulacrum account of explanation. According to Cartwright, the explanatory power of theoretical laws is related not to descriptive adequacy, but rather to the construction of adequate models. To explain a phenomenon is to construct a model which best or most adequately accommodates the phenomenon to a theory. The model will consist of various posited objects that serve to explain the phenomena in terms that are consistent with a set of theoretical laws. Cartwright claims that theoretical laws are true of, or describe, the objects of the model. The objects of the model, however, are not descriptive of reality. They are simulacra. They have, that is, the form or appearance of things, without possessing their substance or proper qualities. In light of the foregoing account we can summarise the distinction between scientific realism and anti-realism as follows. The realist claims that theoretical laws literally represent real objects. The anti-realist claims that laws represent objects of a model that are simulacra of reality. Anti-realism has an aesthetic dimension. The movement from realism to anti-realism is also the movement from the mimetic conception of the scientist as holding a mirror to nature to the constructionist view of the scientist as engaging with nature through invention. There is a lot of the artist in the anti-realist’s view of the scientist. This is true for Cartwright as well as, for example, Van Fraassen in his doctrine of constructive empiricism. It would appear, then, that the philosophy of science has absorbed some concepts that are ordinarily housed in aesthetics. And it has done so profitably. The aim of this paper is to reverse the direction of disciplinary influence. Can art, in relation to its status as a cognitive enterprise, be illuminated by scientific anti-realism? I will argue that it can. In an unexpected reference to the Nicomachean Ethics, Cartwright draws a suggestive parallel between theoretical laws and general moral principles, on the one hand, and physical phenomena and everyday moral conduct, on the other hand. If we add to this the claim that a central component of art’s value is cognitive, then we have the basic materials with which to flesh out a broadly anti-realist view of art. In the production of art, artists can construct models that mediate between everyday ethical phenomena and general ethical tendencies. These models reveal the ways in which there are implicit consistencies or inconsistencies, conflicts or congruences and so forth, between the phenomena and the tendencies. On this basis art can contribute to the reflective understanding of ethical life. This constitutes to a large degree art’s status as a cognitive enterprise. To apprehend art cognitively as artist or critic is to engage in aesthetic cognition. (shrink)

The paper states a hypothesis concerning Thomas Reid's moderation in his reply to skepticism. It is initially argued that commonsense beliefs, though due to reliable faculties, are doubtful, fallible, and correctable. They are not completely immune to skeptical attack. It is further argued that Reid intends to reply only to one form of skepticism, the partial one – the skepticism of authors who accept at least one mental faculty as a reliable source of knowledge. Reid does not intend to argue (...) with the skeptic who equally denies his assent to the reliability of all faculties – that is, the radical skeptic. This radical form of skepticism is harmless to practical life and philosophy and, for that reason, is not a threat. Finally, the hypothesis advanced is discussed considering other interpretations of Reid’s reply to skepticism. (shrink)

Como área interdisciplinar, as Ciências Cognitivas começam a se desenvolver em meados da década de 1950 a partir de uma concepção compartilhada sobre a mente, hoje chamada de cognitivista. Esses pesquisadores concebiam a mente com uma natureza representacional que opera por meio de computações simbólicas. Atualmente, há uma multiplicidade de abordagens e teorias sobre a mente. Nesse espectro de posições, há desde abordagens tradicionais, que concebem a mente como representacional, até abordagens bastante radicais, que negam qualquer natureza representacional para a (...) mente. Após introduzir este tema, apresentamos as críticas de William Ramsey à representação enquanto definidora das Ciências Cognitivas ou, em outros termos, à representação enquanto critério de demarcação do cognitivo. Desenvolveremos uma hipótese interpretativa para a crítica de Ramsey mobilizando o conceito de estratégia de pesquisa, de Hugh Lacey. Apresentaremos a distinção de Lacey entre adoção de uma estratégia e aceitação de uma teoria, discutindo a suposta independência avaliativa entre estratégia e teoria. Finalizaremos com a defesa de um pluralismo de estratégias nas Ciências Cognitivas. Diferente de concepções que buscam reduzir prematuramente as Ciências Cognitivas a uma única estratégia, o pluralismo que defendemos equilibra a eficiência na resolução de problemas com outros valores considerados importantes, como a abrangência empírica e a neutralidade no sentido de inclusividade e equitatividade de valores. No atual momento das ciências cognitivas, o pluralismo de estratégias constitui o caminho mais promissor. (shrink)

O presente ensaio procura determinar quais foram as idéias que influenciaram o abade Suger na reforma da igreja de Saint-Denis – origem do gótico. Erwin Panofsky dá os traços essenciais desta investigação e abre novas posibilidades de aprofundamento. Em seu fascinante estudo, Panofsky teve o mérito de ter sido o pioneiro em descobrir uma influencia das obras do Pseudo-Dionísio sobre a reforma de Saint-Denis. Desde então, a polêmica não cessou mais. Destacase o papel de Hugo de S. Vítor como transmissor (...) da influência mística sobre Suger. (shrink)

Diante da crise dos refugiados observada na Europa nos últimos anos, a ideia de diáspora entrou novamente em evidência. Produções acadêmicas e pesquisas sobre a temática ganharam visibilidade, em um processo que, apesar dos acontecimentos recentes, já vem em crescente há décadas. Torna-se, assim, uma necessidade a observação do estado da arte, uma discussão sobre os avanços e os limites que a abordagem das diásporas encontrou nesses últimos anos e, particularmente, as possibilidades que ela nos reserva. Epistemologicamente, portanto, é necessário (...) lançar uma visão crítica sobre as principais abordagens e sobre os resultados das pesquisas sobre as diásporas, levantando debates e perspectivas e avanços nesse campo. O impacto e as reflexões que a temática nos abre também se tornam objeto deste ensaio, que, não pretendendo esgotar a produção acerca das diásporas, apresenta e revisita o núcleo duro dessas pesquisas. (shrink)

This paper argues that Spinoza held substances other than God to be inconceivable. It uses this claim to develop a novel response to the Problem of Other Substances, the problem of explaining why some of Spinoza’s proofs for God’s existence cannot be used to prove the existence of a non-divine substance instead.

Moral Constraints on War offers a principle-by-principle presentation of the transcultural roots of the ethics of war in an age defined by the increasingly international nature of military intervention.

The link between leadership and mental health at the workplace is well established by prior research. However, most of the studies have addressed this relationship from a single-source perspective. The aim of this study was to examine how supervisor and employee ratings of health-oriented leadership correspond to each other and which sources are predictive for employee mental health. We assessed data within 99 teams containing 713 employees in 11 different companies in Southern Germany. Supervisors and their staff completed questionnaires on (...) the supervisors’ health-oriented staff-care dimensions awareness, value of health and health behavior and current mental distress. Hierarchical linear models revealed that supervisors’ self-ratings were significantly related to their employees’ ratings only on the health behavior dimension, but not on the health awareness and value of health dimensions. Also, supervisors rated themselves significantly higher on HoL compared to their employees. Employee ratings of HoL significantly predicted their own level of mental distress, whereas supervisor ratings of HoL did not predict employees’ mental distress at the team level. Supervisors’ self-ratings of HoL did not influence the relationship between employee ratings of HoL and their mental distress on an individual level. These results highlight the complex relationship between multisource assessments of HoL and employee mental health, emphasizing the importance of subjective perception for mental health. Future studies should investigate under which conditions supervisor and employee ratings correspond to each other and are predictive for mental health at the workplace. (shrink)

Most of the features of modern Russian business are transient, determined by the transitional character of the Russian economy and drastic changes in the social structure, ideology, and consciousness of Russian society in general. There are three main normative experiences in the traditions of Russian business: a) the experience of pre-Revolutionary business, specifically developed and practiced by the merchants of the old-believers extraction; b) the experience of socialist economy, which was more or less oriented to the public good and presupposed (...) selfless aspirations by the economic agents; c) the experience of legally and administratively constrained private business and illegal shadow business, which expected businessmen to be vigorous, industrious and enterprising. The process of privatization was developed under the aegis of state, specifically the state bureaucracy. The influence of changes in the social-economic system has been ambivalent for social morals. However, the reforms could stimulate their improvement. The recent development in the cultural environment of business testify to the emerging space of civilized business, which manifests that it is practically useful for businessmen to be ethical. (shrink)

Researchers have studied the athletes' dual careers with the aim of helping them to combine the sport and the academic–vocational sphere. Most of this research has addressed the study–sport combination, but there is a lack of studies on the work–sport combination. The main objective of this research was to explore the subjective perceptions of Spanish elite athletes when attempting to combine their careers as professional athletes with a second profession or trade. Further, this study aims to identify the access to (...) facilitating resources and the perception of obstacles and barriers to the development of a dual career. A qualitative approach was chosen to address these research questions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was carried out on a sample of 18 elite athletes, and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews based on a set of superordinate and subordinate categories. The results showed that the athletes interviewed possessed valuable resources such as the transference of sports values to the work sphere. However, important barriers were highlighted such as the perception of sport institutions as absent entities in the work–sport combination. Thus, the study of this type of dual career seems to be one of the challenges facing the interested scientific community for the coming years. (shrink)

The paper aims to present two distinct ways of defending John Locke’s theory of personal identity from Thomas Reid’s objection. First, it will be argued that this objection is not effective since it starts from a misunderstanding of Locke’s theory. The identity of a person is not preserved by the psychological continuity of consciousness, as Reid understood it, but by its ontological continuity: the existence of the same consciousness preserves the personal identity. Secondly, it will be argued that it is (...) possible to reply to that objection in the light of the observation that the personal identity is preserved by the identity of the man: person and man are connected by means of the notion of body. (shrink)

The idea of sociability - a person’s disposition and ability to communicate and live in the community - goes through the whole history of philosophy. Due to the peculiarity of translations, this term and the whole tradition related to it have been lost to the Russian reader. The article discusses some tendencies in comprehending the idea of sociability in early modern moral philosophy. The key to this consideration is F. Hutcheson’s essay On the Natural Sociability of Mankind, the title of (...) which contains the very term “sociability” and which presents the main essential points in a discussion of the issue in the first third of the 18 th century. One can distinguish two main approaches to the problem. According to one of them, sociability determined by various human natural needs is the basis of social relations, and a person becomes a moral agent as a social being (H. Grotius, T. Hobbes, S. Pufen-dorf, B. Mandeville). According to another approach, sociability is a manifestation of a person’s natural tendency to care for the good of others, and its consistent implementation leads to the formation of community and supports its stability (Cambridge Platonists, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, J. Butler, D. Hume, A. Smith). Representatives of both approaches recognized contradiction in manifestations of sociability or in its nature. I. Kant theoretically overcame the confrontation between these approaches and conceptualized the contradiction and associated it with the human nature. According to Kant, the “unsociable sociability” is given in the fact that a person has a tendency to sociability but also a tendency to self-assertion at the expense of others. However, despite the presence of asocial features (evil principle), Kant considered the person’s inherent sociability (good principle) as a prerequisite for culture and as one of the most important conditions of possibility of morality. (shrink)

The U.S. government embraces the concepts of privatization and market competition, but the realm of contracting shows that it has not always been able to put its principles into practice. Although the contracting system is supposed to be open and competitive, in recent years the government has often awarded contracts with little or no competitive bidding, has chosen to award mostly cost-plus type contracts that force the government to assume more of the risk, and lacked efficiency in monitoring and overseeing (...) private contractors. While the number and value of contracts have increased, the workforce to oversee these contracts has been reduced, preventing the government from adequately enforcing compliance with the contractors, and the government has not made use of past performance evaluations in its contracting system. Private contractors that do business with the U.S. government are for the most part well-established firms with ample resources and inside contacts; many contracts are still being awarded on preferential treatment and to the larger and well-established contractors. (shrink)

Neste artigo, abordamos o processo de construção da educação das relações raciais a partir de uma perspectiva analítica que tem como elemento central a história da educação dos negros, no Brasil. Dessa forma, construímos um percurso que trata de diferentes momentos em relação ao processo de incorporação dos negros à sociedade brasileira, especificamente o tráfico de africanos escravizados, a abolição da escravidão e a constituição do movimento negro como sujeito coletivo. Analisamos esses eventos procurando destacar seu significado educacional e suas (...) implicações na construção do movimento negro como um agente transformador da sociedade. O ponto culminante da análise foi o processo de aprovação da Lei 10.639/2003 e a construção de uma política pública voltada para reconfiguração da educação das relações raciais. Destacamos esse processo como uma das mais importantes transformações pela qual passou a educação brasileira, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da diversidade, o combate ao racismo e às desigualdades raciais. (shrink)

Para além de O mestre ignorante - O encontro entre filosofia e educação como questão filósofico-política a partir da obra de Jacques Rancière Resumo: Este artigo busca situar, a partir da filosofia de Jacques Rancière, em que medida a educação se constitui um verdadeiro problema à filosofia política. A partir da análise que o filósofo francês faz do encontro polêmico entre filosofia e democracia na filosofia platônica, buscamos traçar alguns paralelismos com relação ao encontro, também polêmico, entre filosofia e educação. (...) Pretende-se, assim, lançar novas luzes sobre o que poderíamos chamar de uma filosofia política da educação. Para isso sustentamos duas hipóteses de trabalho: a primeira, de que o lugar da educação no pensamento de Rancière precisa ser compreendido para além de Le maître ignorant (1987); a segunda, de que a filosofia política de Rancière busca uma superação dos impasses gerados pela lógica da emancipação intelectual de Jacotot. Assim, pensar com Rancière o uso pedagógico em política e em estética pode nos auxiliar a situar a relação entre educação e democracia em outras bases. Palavras-chave: Filosofia política da educação; Jacques Rancière; Filosofia política; Emancipação intelectual; Democracia. Beyond The Ignorant Schoolmaster – The encounter of Philosophy and Education as a philosophical-political question from Jacques Rancière's work Abstract: Based on Jacques Rancière's philosophy, this article seeks to determine the extent to which education constitutes a real problem for political philosophy. From the French philosopher's analysis of the controversial encounter between philosophy and democracy in Platonic philosophy, we seek to draw some parallels with regard to the also controversial encounter between philosophy and education. This is intended to shed new light on what we might call a political philosophy of education. For this we support two working hypotheses: first, that the place of education in Rancière's thought must be understood beyond Le maître ignorant (1987); second, that Rancière's political philosophy seeks to overcome the impasses generated by Jacotot's logic of intellectual emancipation. Thus, thinking with Rancière about pedagogical use in politics and aesthetics can help us situate the relationship between education and democracy on other grounds.Keywords: Political philosophy of education; Jacques Rancière; Political philosophy, Intellectual emancipation; Democracy. Au-delà de Le maître ignorant – La reencontre de la philosophie et de l'éducation en tant que question politico-philosophique de l'œvre de Jacques Rancière Résumé: Basé sur la philosophie de Jacques Rancière, cet article cherche à déterminer dans quelle mesure l'éducation constitue un problème réel pour la philosophie politique. À partir de l'analyse du philosophe français entre philosophie et démocratie dans la philosophie platonicienne, nous cherchons à établir des parallèles avec la rencontre également controversée entre philosophie et education. Cela vise à jeter un nouvel éclairage sur ce que nous pourrions appeler une philosophie politique de l'éducation. Pour cela, nous soutenons deux hypotheses de travail: premièrement, la place de l'éducation dans la pensée de Rancière doit être comprise au-delà de Le maître ignorant (1987); deuxièmement, que la philosophie politique de Rancière cherche à surmonter les impasses générées par la logique d'émancipation intellectuelle de Jacotot. Ainsi, réfléchir avec Rancière à une utilisation pédagogique en politique et en esthétique peut nous aider à situer la relation entre éducation et démocatie sur d'autres bases.Mot-clé: Philosophie politique de l'éducation; Jacques Rancière; Philosophie politique; Emancipation intellectuelle; Démocratie. Data de registro: 10/02/2020 Data de aceite: 29/09/2021. (shrink)

The work of Arnout Geulincx (1624?1669), a Flemish Cartesian that developed a highly curious ?parallelistic? view on the universe, shows striking prima facie resemblances to Stoicism. Should we label Geulincx a reinventor of Stoic tenets, albeit within a strict Cartesian theoretical framework? To answer this question, my contribution begins by discussing relevant aspects of Stoicism and by introducing the ?existential? philosophy of Geulincx, whose metaphysical views on man brought him to adopt an ethics based upon absolute obedience and humility. It (...) will discuss Geulincx's own views on the Stoics and, finally, compare Geulincx's philosophy with the Stoic world view. The main argument will be that, despite a deep affinity and many parallels, one crucial difference remains, as the dualism any true Cartesian metaphysics implies has important consequences for Geulincx's ethics in general and for his view on man in particular. As we will see, man plays a very peculiar role in the cosmic drama that we call the ?universe? (shrink)

Free will, before being an object of beliefs or theories susceptible of verification, is the omnipresent supposition of our conscious life. This paper claims that this omnipresence, even though it is not enough to validate theoretically free will, entails two significant consequences. First, that free will is the essential presumption of our actions, without which they would become incomprehensible. Second, that all denial of this – a rational action in itself – presupposes that which is denied.